Epistemology and the Design of Learning Environments

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・Chapter6 Epistemology and the Design of Learning Environments
　　　　　By Michael J. Hannafin and Janette R.Hill

Behaviorists belive that learning is mediated by relationships among external stimuli, overt responses, and reinforcement principles (see, e.g., Burton, Moore, & Magliaro, 2004; Driscoll, 1999; Hannafin & Rieber, 1989; Silber, 1998). Cognitive psychologists, while emphasizing the thinking processes associated with learning, focus on the relationship between external and internal activities( see Gagne's(1985) events of instruction).

行動主義ってどういう人たちのことをいうのか？
認知科学と構成主義の関係。認知科学は、人はどう学習するのかについて研究→Learning science→構成主義はLearning Scienceに基づいている？！

Relativist epistemology reflects fundamentally different views about the nature of knowledge and knowing. Relativists believe that reality is not directly knowable, and can only be inferred or assigned by convention or consensus.

They assume that individuals actively assign different meaning to common objects, events, and circumstances that cannot be judged simply as “correct” or “incorrect” by comparing to convention (see, e.g., Driscoll, 1999; Hanafin & Land, 1007; Hwang, 1996; Wilson, 1996; Yarusso, 1992). Knowledge therefore is uniquely constructed rather than uniformly transmitted. Learning involves the individuals’ negotiating meaning in an effort to evolve personal understanding; design involves the creation of materials and activities that assist learners in constructing and refining individual representations and personal understandings.
p55から抜粋

system design approach
System design approachはリーサー先生の授業の中でも何度かでてきた単語。デザインが大切だという考えだったと思うけれど、もっと調べる必要あり！！

Both objectivits and constructivsts use systematic design approaches. p56

Ground Design p56
Ground Designって何？　P56をまとめる！！！！

Constructivsm and Constructional Design Practice p58
いろいろ重要なことが書いてあったので、まとめる。